Let a pair of dice be thrown and the random variable X be the sum of the numbers that appear on the two dice. Find the mean or expectation of X.

Let X denote the sum of the numbers obtained on the two dice. X can take values 2, 3, ....., 12
   straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 2 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 1 comma space 1 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals space 1 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 3 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 1 comma space 2 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 2 comma space 1 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals space 2 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 4 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 1 comma space 3 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 2 comma space 2 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 3 comma space 1 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals 3 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 5 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 1 comma space 4 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 2 comma space 3 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 3 comma space 2 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 4 comma space 1 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals 4 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 6 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 1 comma space 5 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 2 comma space 4 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 3 comma space 3 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 4 comma space 2 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 5 comma space 1 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals space 5 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 7 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 1 comma space 6 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 2 comma space 5 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 3 comma space 4 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 4 comma space 3 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 5 comma space 2 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 6 comma space 1 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals space 6 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 8 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 2 comma space 6 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 3 comma space 5 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 4 comma space 4 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 5 comma space 3 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 6 comma space 2 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals space 5 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 9 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 3 comma space 6 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 4 comma space 5 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 5 comma space 4 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 6 comma space 3 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals space 4 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 10 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 4 comma space 6 right parenthesis space left parenthesis 5 comma space 5 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 6 comma space 4 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals space 3 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 11 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 5 comma space 6 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis 6 comma space 5 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals space 2 over 36
straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 12 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left curly bracket left parenthesis 6 comma space 6 right parenthesis right curly bracket space equals space 1 over 36
Probability distribution of X is


therefore space space straight mu space equals space straight E left parenthesis straight X right parenthesis space equals space sum from straight i space equals space 1 to straight n of space straight x subscript straight i space straight p subscript straight i space equals space 2 space cross times 1 over 36 plus 3 cross times 2 over 36 plus 4 cross times 3 over 36 plus 5 cross times 4 over 36
space space space space space space space space space space space plus space 6 space cross times 5 over 36 plus 7 cross times 6 over 36 plus 8 cross times 5 over 36 plus 9 cross times 4 over 36 plus 10 cross times 3 over 36 plus 11 cross times 2 over 36 plus 12 space cross times 1 over 36
space equals fraction numerator 2 plus 6 plus 12 plus 20 plus 30 plus 42 plus 40 plus 36 plus 30 plus 22 plus 12 over denominator 36 end fraction space equals 252 over 36 space equals 7
∴   the mean of the sum of the numbers that appear on throwing two fair dice is 7.
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Three cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. A random variable X denotes the number of spades in three cards. Determine the probability distribution of X.


Here X takes the values 0, 1, 2, 3.
Let p denote the probability of getting spade.
Now,    straight p space equals 13 over 52 space equals 1 fourth comma space space space space straight q space equals space 1 minus space 1 fourth space equals space 3 over 4
P(X = 0) = straight q space cross times space straight q space cross times space straight q space equals space 3 over 4 cross times 3 over 4 cross times 3 over 4 space equals space 27 over 64

P(X = 1) = straight p space cross times space straight q space cross times space straight q space plus space straight q space cross times space straight p space cross times straight q space plus space straight q space cross times straight q space cross times straight p

               equals space 1 fourth cross times 3 over 4 cross times 3 over 4 plus 3 over 4 cross times 1 fourth cross times 3 over 4 plus 3 over 4 cross times 3 over 4 cross times 1 fourth space equals space 9 over 64 plus 9 over 64 plus 9 over 64 equals 27 over 64

P(X = 2) = straight p space cross times space straight p space cross times space straight q space space plus space straight p space cross times space straight q space cross times space straight p space plus space straight q space cross times space straight p space cross times space straight p

               equals space 1 fourth cross times 1 fourth cross times 3 over 4 plus 1 fourth cross times 3 over 4 cross times 1 fourth plus 3 over 4 cross times 1 fourth cross times 1 fourth space equals space 9 over 64

P(X = 3) = straight p space cross times space straight p space cross times space straight p space equals 1 fourth cross times 1 fourth cross times 1 fourth space equals space 1 over 64
∴ probability distribution is
     
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Find the mean μ, variance σ2 for the following probability distribution:




(i) Mean            straight mu space equals space sum from blank to blank of straight X thin space straight P left parenthesis straight X right parenthesis space equals space 36 over 30 space equals space 1.2

(ii) Variance       straight sigma squared space equals space sum from blank to blank of straight X squared straight P left parenthesis straight X right parenthesis space minus space left square bracket sum from blank to blank of straight X thin space straight P left parenthesis straight X right parenthesis right square bracket squared

                               equals space 60 over 30 minus left parenthesis 1.2 right parenthesis squared space space equals space 2 minus 1.44 space equals space 0.56.
                   
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Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three throws of a pair of dice.

 Let X denote the number of doublets. X can take the value 0, 1, 2, or 3.
Possible doublets are (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)

Probability of getting a doublet  = 6 over 36 space equals 1 over 6

Probability of not getting a doublet  = 1 minus 1 over 6 space equals 5 over 6

Now,   P(X = 0) = P(no doublet) = 5 over 6 cross times 5 over 6 cross times 5 over 6 space equals space 125 over 216

           straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 1 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left parenthesis one space doublet space and space two space non minus doublets right parenthesis
space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space equals space 1 over 6 cross times 5 over 6 cross times 5 over 6 plus 5 over 6 cross times 1 over 6 cross times 5 over 6 plus 5 over 6 cross times 5 over 6 cross times 1 over 6
space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space equals 25 over 216 plus 25 over 216 plus 25 over 216 space equals 75 over 216

           straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 2 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left parenthesis two space doublets space and space one space non minus doublet right parenthesis
space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space equals space 1 over 6 cross times 1 over 6 cross times 5 over 6 plus 1 over 6 cross times 5 over 6 cross times 1 over 6 plus space 5 over 6 cross times 1 over 6 cross times 1 over 6
space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space equals space 5 over 216 plus 5 over 216 plus 5 over 216 space equals space 15 over 216
and straight P left parenthesis straight X space equals space 3 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left parenthesis three space doublets right parenthesis
                         equals space 1 over 6 cross times 1 over 6 cross times 1 over 6 space equals space 1 over 216
∴ the required probability distribution is

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Find the mean μ, variance σ2 for the following probability distribution:




Mean  straight mu space equals space sum from blank to blank of XP left parenthesis straight X right parenthesis

              equals space 12 over 8 space equals space 3 over 2 space equals space 1.5

Variance   straight sigma squared space equals space sum from blank to blank of straight X squared space straight P left parenthesis straight X right parenthesis space space minus space left parenthesis sum from blank to blank of straight X thin space straight P left parenthesis straight X right parenthesis right parenthesis squared space space

                       equals space 24 over 8 space minus space left parenthesis 1.5 right parenthesis squared
space equals 3 minus 2.25 space equals space 0.75

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